The law of schools, students, and teachers in a nutshell

This handbook provides school teachers and administrators with a concise explanation of the laws protecting children and enhancing their learning opportunities while assuring teachers of the academic freedom and security to pursue the teaching profession free of undue restraint. The third edition incorporates cases occurring after publication of the second (1995) edition; other changes are not specified. Kern Alexander is with the U. of Illinois, Urbana- Champaign; M. David Alexander is with Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State U. Annotation ©2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Table of Cases			XVII
Introduction			1
Chapter 1.  Attendance in Public Schools			5
1.1  Introduction			5
1.2  Admission			6
1.3  Compulsory Attendance			14
1.4  Home Schooling			21
1.5  Private Schools			30
1.6  Marriage			37
1.7  Vaccination			38
Chapter 2.  The Instructional Program			42
2.1  Introduction			42
2.2  Curriculum			43
2.3  Censorship of Textbooks			55
2.4  Censorship of Library Books			61
2.5  Course Content and Teaching Methods			65
2.6  Promotion			66
2.7  Diploma			68
2.8  Grade Reduction			69
2.9  Homework			71
2.10  Sex Education			72
Chapter 3.  Due Process Rights of Students			75
3.1  Introduction			75
3.2  Due Process			76
3.3  Procedural Due Process			85
3.4  Natural Justice and Due Process			85
3.5  Impartiality			86
3.6  Fairness			87
3.7  Elements of Procedural Due Process			88
3.8  In-School Suspension			101
3.9  Impact of Procedural Due Process			101
Chapter 4.  Freedom of Speech and Expression			105
4.1  Introduction			105
4.2  Balancing the Interests			107
4.3  Forecast of Disruption			108
4.4  Sit-Ins/Protests			115
4.5  Flags			115
4.6  Personal Appearance			117
4.7  Student Pregnancy			123
4.8  Immorality			125
4.9  Marriage			126
4.10  Drugs, Tobacco, and Alcohol			127
4.11  Weapons			128
Chapter 5.  Religion in Public Schools and State Funding of Religious Schools			131
5.1  Introduction			131
5.2  Free Exercise and Establishment			134
5.3  Wall of Separation			135
5.4  Constitutional Standard, the Lemon Test			136
5.5  Religious Activities in Public Schools			140
5.6  Public Tax Funds for Religious Schools			155
Chapter 6.  Student Publications			165
6.1  Introduction			165
Chapter 7.  Search and Seizure			175
7.1  Introduction			175
7.2  Fourth Amendment			176
7.3  Canine Searches			186
7.4  Strip Searches			188
7.5  Lockers			191
7.6  Automobile Search			192
7.7  Field Trip Searches			193
7.8  Drug Testing			195
7.9  Metal Detector Searches			198
Chapter 8.  Student Discipline			200
8.1  Introduction			200
8.2  In Loco Parentis			201
8.3  Corporal Punishment			203
8.4  Child Abuse			210
8.5  Discipline for Out-of-School Activities			215
8.6  Academic Discipline			218
Chapter 9.  Racial Segregation			221
9.1  Introduction			221
9.2  Separate-but-Equal			221
9.3  The Brown Case			224
9.4  The Swann Case			228
9.5  De Facto and De Jure Segregation			231
9.6  A Unitary System			233
9.7  Interdistrict Desegregation			235
9.8  Remedies			236
9.9  Affirmative Action and Diversity			238
9.10  Diversity			241
Chapter 10.  Education of Disabled Children			244
10.1  Introduction			244
10.2  Right to Attend School			244
10.3  The Original Public Law 94-142 and Section 504			247
10.4  Litigation Pursuant to Idea			255
10.5  Private School for Children With Disabilities			271
10.6  Disabled Children in Sectarian Schools			274
10.7  Discipline			275
10.8  Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Aids)			278
10.9  Attorney's Fees			279
Chapter 11.  Student Sex Discrimination			282
11.1  Introduction			282
11.2  Equal Protection of Sexes			283
11.3  Title IX			288
Chapter 12.  Civil Liability			298
12.1  Introduction			298
12.2  What Is a Tort?			298
12.3  Intentional Interference			299
12.4  Strict Liability			303
12.5  Negligence			304
12.6  Elements of Negligence			308
12.7  Defenses for Negligence			314
12.8  Educational Malpractice			327
12.9  Constitutional Torts			329
Chapter 13.  Student Records, Defamation, and Privacy			333
13.1  Introduction			333
13.2  The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)			334
13.3  Defamation			343
13.4  Right of Privacy			355
Chapter 14.  Student Testing			358
14.1  Introduction			358
14.2  Judicial Review of Student Evaluations			358
14.3  Limitations on the School			360
14.4  Competency Tests			361
14.5  Students' Due Process Interests			362
14.6  Equal Protection Rights			365
14.7  Validity of Tests			368
Chapter 15.  Terms and Conditions of Teacher Employment			373
15.1  Introduction			373
15.2  Certification			373
15.3  Local Board Prerogatives for Employment			380
15.4  Right to Remain Silent			384
15.5  Contracts			384
15.6  Tenure			386
15.7  Reduction in Force			389
Chapter 16.  Constitutional Rights of Teachers			393
16.1  Introduction			393
16.2  Teachers' Freedoms of Speech and Expression			393
16.3  Pickering and Teacher Political Freedom			394
18.5  Title VII (Race)			465
18.6  Affirmative Action			470
18.7  Sex Discrimination			474
18.8  Religious Discrimination			485
18.9  Age Discrimination			488
18.10  Discrimination Against the Disabled			491
18.11  Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993			494
Index			497